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Principle:- The environment of fissioning nuclei is controlled is such a way that only neutron out of 2.5 neutrons released on the average is used to induce fission in another atom. In this way, the rate of energy generation is maintained at a constant level. Thus controlled chain reaction is the principle of nuclear reactor. Explanation:- The reactors are divided in to two types on the basis of neutron energy. v Thermal Reactor v Fast Breeder Reactor Thermal reactors use thermal neutrons, whose kinetic energy is nearly equal to the kinetic energy of the molecules at room temperature. On the other hand fast breeder reactors use fast neutrons. Enrichment of uranium:- Natural uranium contains about 1% (.7%) of 92U235 and 99.3% of 92U238. the rare isotope 92U235 takes the effective part in building up the chain reaction. the nuclear reactor (thermal) uses the uranium as fuel. Natural uranium is a very low grade fuel. First of all natural uranium is enriched by increasing the percentage of 92U235 before its use in the nuclear reactor. Enriched uranium is used as nuclear fuel in a nuclear reactor. Enriched uranium means percentage of 92U235 becomes greater than its original percentage in natural uranium. Parts of a Nuclear Reactor:- A nuclear reactor consists of the following parts: Core:- This is the most important part of the nuclear reactor. It contains fuel which is cylinders of Uranium Moderator:- The function of moderator is to slow down the neutrons produced during th fission process. As the neutrons produced during the fission process are very fast and are not suitable for producing fission in the reactor fuel. Control Rods:- These rods keep the speed of the fission reaction under control. Usually these are Cadmium or Boron rods, which have the property of absorbing neutrons. By lower the control rods into the reactor, the speed of the fission process reduces and can be stopped when the rods fall in during power failure etc. Cooling system:- It consists of pipes along which the coolant is pumped in the form of gas and water. The coolant (gas) is heated while passing through the core. Heat exchanger:- This is the part of the nuclear reactor where the heat of the nuclear fission is transported to ordinary water. The water is converted to steam, which in turn runs the turbine to produce electricity. Biological shield:- It is a wall of concrete which absorbs radiations emitted due to fission of the fuel and protects the workers from their dangerous effects. Working:- The fissionable fuel is enriched uranium. The uranium fuel elements are in the shape of thin rods about 1 meter long and 2 cm in diameter. They are placed in a medium known as moderator. The moderator is made up of nuclei of comparable mass to that of the neutron and of material which does not absorb the precious neutrons. Graphite is usually used a moderator. The fast neutrons produced in a fission process undergo several collisions with the nuclei of the moderator and are slowed down to thermal range. A slow neutron can induce another fission event in the fuel element and can thus cause a chain reaction. The energy liberated by the fission process yields a huge amount of heat. The temperature of the system rises or falls as the rate of chain reaction rises or falls. In order to maintain a steady rate of chain reaction the temperature of the system is regulated to a determined value with the help of control rods of boron or cadmium, which are effective neutron absorbers. These rods can be moved in and out of the reactor from the control room. If the fission chain starts to go too fast, the control rods can be inserted a bit deeper and neutrons can be absorbed. As the reaction dies off, the control rods can be slightly with drawn. A charge machine is used to start the reactor. The uranium fuel rods are lowered in to fuel channels in the graphite core. The control rods are then raised slowly and placed at certain position as soon as the chain reaction proceeds at the required rate. The reactor is now said to gone critical and heat is produced steadily. In a power reactor, a liquid is circulated through the shielded reactor and heat exchanger as shown in the figure. The hot liquid flowing through the heat exchanger vaporizes a more volatile liquid like water, the resulting hot gas or steam under pressure drives a turbine. The turbine in turn drives an electric generator. Draw backs:- The main draw back of nuclear reactors is the nuclear waste products. The uranium rods after usage are converted in to radioactive elements which have a long half life. This waste cannot be drop in to sea or dumped in the earth. Because due to its radio active nature, it will damage any living present in its vicinity. Although, nuclear energy is very cheap compared to other sources of energy but proper dispose of the waste products is expensive too much. Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reaction (LMFBR):- Definition:- A type of reactor which breeds itself as well as uses liquid metal for transformation of heat in to the heat exchanger is called LMFBR. Explanation:- U235 being less abundant cannot be sued for ever as a fuel. So a way out was needed to use the abundant isotope as a fuel in the nuclear reactor. This would increases the life span of the present Uranium reserves by 100. Breeding process:- In this type of reactor fast neutrons are used to convert 92U238 in to 94Pu239 as follows: 92U238 + on1 ? 93Np239 + ??- 93Np239 ? 94Pu239 + ??- 94Pu239 can be used as fuel as efficiently as 92U235 but the only difference is that fast neutrons can carry out the following fission process. on1 + 94Pu239 ? X + Y + 2on1 + 200 MeV Where X and Y are fission fragments. As it is emitting two neutrons per fission, therefore it can be used for nuclear bombs as well. The Liquid Metal Coolant:- The 94P239 breeder reactor is called LMFBR because a liquid metal like sodium is used as a coolant instead of water, which slows down the the neutrons and hinders the process of breeding. Sodium is solid at room temperature but becomes liquid at 98C and is therefore a good heat transfer liquid. nfl authentic jerseys Mist fans is that they repel insects, flies and pesky mosquitoes and sometimes even work better than bug zappers and yard sprays. They can be used by garden enthusiasts who work in the garden during the warmest days of summer. These people can simply position each fan in the direction they are working to provide them with a cool and refreshing breeze. And if the dust is out there at your place, the water vapor will settle it down in a few minutes. 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